stereo turntable August 2017 ~ CLASSIC HI-FI EQUIPMENT
  • Studer REVOX

    For more than 40 years, Revox has been producing loudspeakers.

  • Pioneer PL-530

    Japanese Audio Manufacturer with a reputation for producing extremely high quality equipment.

  • Technics Tape Deck RS-M95

    Technics is a subsidiary of Japanese Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd and produces Hi-Fi products including turntables, amplifiers, receivers,etc

2017-08-25






The remembered fever of voluminous and heavy Hi-Fi equipment seems to be back. The suspected reason is its special quality of electronic design and high quality materials, in contrast to the present equipment where plastic and other similar materials are not as resistant to the test of time.

The golden age of Hi-Fi equipment is particularly remembered in the 70's and 80's. Automation in electronic design took its first steps and designers and engineers only had the most advanced techniques for the time to develop and design circuits and electronic components, especially in the 70's and early 80's.

The design and testing of these equipment was done with special compliance and care from circuit calculations to the manufacture of the PCB and the schematic diagram, amount of those schematic diagrams made by professional draftsmen without the present computer technology and automation.
The audio companies in past times had their own drafting department (professional draftsmen were worth only compass, sets square, insoles and molds-for in physical schematics of their respective components, perfect delineation, faultless lace of line and drawing. *¨In the electrical industry, a schematic diagram is often used to describe the design of equipment. Schematic diagrams are often used for the maintenance and repair of electronic and electro mechanical systems.[1] Original schematics were done by hand, using standardized templates or pre-printed adhesive symbols, but today Electrical CAD software is often used.In electronic design automation, until the 1980s schematics were virtually the only formal representation for circuits.¨ http://.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schematic
The designers were required to different quality standards such as DIN, IHF, etc. and resulted in the production of equipment with very outstanding features and arrogance sound quality


Amount of schematic diagrams made by professional draftsmen without the present computer technology and automation.


The concept of "Hi Fi" (High Fidelity) begins to come into play when the quality of the audio system reaches or exceeds a certain level.
This level of quality is determined by several factors that basically respond to the idea that in our ear comes a sound as similar as possible to the one that was generated at source. This means that a Hi-Fi chain would try to make the buyer of a classical music record sitting comfortably at home feel the same auditory sensations as if they were in the best location in the concert hall: to recognize the sound of each instrument, to situate it spatially, to listen to the slightest tinkling, to appreciate the differences in level between a " Pianissimo " and a " Fortissimo " etc.

The main peculiarity of Hi-Fi equipment of other times and that makes them precisely attractive is its robust construction and high quality design circuits that with much possibility surpass the test of time. Another property that makes them striking is their complete compatibility between brands, models and years in which they were manufactured, which offers a total flexibility when wanting to make a high fidelity audio chain according to the tastes and preferences of each person, (many take passion collecting large number of components to show them).

Many people are inhibited and unsure of risking time and money in buying appliances that have many years, however, that should not be analyzed that way. A lot of repairing electronics technicians (I included) have bought Hi-Fi equipment many times, and the important thing is to test all the functions and if you get something that does not work, just do not buy that equipment, that's the rule, so you do not risk in buying something that is not in good condition. Fortunately, Hi-Fi equipment abounds in good condition and better still in excellent condition even if they are many years old, keep in mind that the electronic design of those old Hi-Fi equipment is truly outstanding and reliable.


Posted by hifisnecma on 11:40 AM  No comments »




Functions as important as recording require for their perfect execution, some kind of indication more precise than the operator's own ear, so almost all the devices on the market incorporate some kind of modulation indicator. The most common are:

A) The meter
This is simply a galvanometer equipped with a bridge rectifier; Therefore its indication is only valid for average signal values. They are usually provided with graduated scales. One from 0 to 100 and the other from -20 to +3 VU. The zero of the VU scale corresponds to the 100 x 100 scale of the other scale; In electronic terms a change of level of 1 VU (volume unit) equals a graduation of 1 dB. Therefore the meter is not so useful when it is required to know the instantaneous values ​​of the signal.

B) LED indicators.
When recording a normal music program it may happen that during certain very short periods of time the signal level is very high and saturates the recording causing the corresponding distortion. To faithfully follow the variations of the signal to be recorded, some manufacturers use a group of LEDs in series that are illuminated when the signal reaches a certain threshold level (which is indicated in the scale) preset for each of them.




Posted by hifisnecma on 8:40 AM  No comments »

2017-08-18




Noise reduction systems.

 Most high fidelity cassette decks incorporate a noise reduction system, of which the most common is the Dolby B version that uses a huge percentage of devices on the market. This electronic noise reduction system appreciates the level of signal reaching the recording head; If it is very high, it does not act; If on the other hand its value is weak, it increases its amplitude and later allows the recording to take place. 

When reproducing this signal along with the tape noise is reduced its value in the same proportion as it was increased in the register. The result is that the noise is attenuated artificially the same number of times as the signal. 

There are other noise reduction systems such as DBX, SUPER D, ANRS, DNL, ​​ADRES, HIGH-COM which are also sometimes used in certain brands although their use is not as widespread as that of Dolby B on decks to cassette.
Posted by hifisnecma on 3:08 PM  No comments »

2017-08-17


A) Heads and number of tracks. 

The width of the standard cassette tape is 3.8 mm instead of the 6.35 mm of the reel to reel tape or open reel tape; therefore, the recorded tape width is also smaller. As a direct consequence of the reduced track width, it is possible to deduce that the achievement of authentic high-fidelity decks to the cassette is a goal that has been widely achieved today and has always been a task that required time and enormous research effort.

 One of the topics that has occupied the laboratories of the main manufacturers has been to find a material for the construction of magnetic heads, that works in satisfactory conditions in terms of wear and performance. Currently, generalizing, it is possible to summarize that 3 types of materials are used for the manufacture of magnetic heads for decks to cassettes: Ferrite, Permalloy and Sendust (Senalloy) Of the 3 materials, the one that offers a higher hardness index and wear resistance is the ferrite (650 on the Vickers scale) versus Sendust 500, Permalloy 200 hardened and 120 of Mullite Permalloy. 

However, in magnetic terms the ferrite is more sensitive to saturation with high bias currents than the Permalloy or Sendust and its linearity with low signal levels (working condition of the reproduction head) is also lower. The greater magnetic linearity is achieved using Permalloy (thanks to its reduced coercivity and high permeability). Sendust provides the highest flux densities (required for pure metal tapes) with a level of wear similar to that of ferrite and a linearity very close to that of Permalloy. In decks to cassette it is also possible to find the configuration of two heads (erasing, recording-reproduction) or 3 heads (erasing, recording, playback) 

B) Polarization and equalization. 

In the cassette system standards accepted as standard by all manufacturers of stereo decks have been very closely linked to the appearance of new compositions of the magnetic layer of the tape. Every novelty in the market usually requires changes in the values of polarization and equalization, in order to obtain the best results in each case. Coercitivity and remanence acquire enormous importance as defining the performance that a magnetic tape can give. 

In the 4 basic types of magnetic formulations for cassette tapes currently on the market, the proper polarization level for its correct operation is different. In general terms, it is possible to state that the better the performance of one type of cassette, the greater the amplitude of the polarization current necessary for optimum use of its possibilities. 

Manufacturers often provide their devices with polarization-equalization selectors with different positions for each type of tape, some of which incorporate a small fine-tuning of polarization in each position to obtain maximum performance according to the brand of cassette used. For equalization there are standard values accepted by tape manufacturers and stereo decks. 

In general it is possible to summarize that the effect of equalization on magnetic tapes to cassette is to reinforce, in reproduction, the response in treble, to avoid, as much as possible, the effects of losses in high frequency due to the reduced speed of passage of the Tape and others in the recording process. To implement this solution a fixed frequency is chosen from which all upper frequencies are enhanced. 

In the case of the iron oxide strips the frequency is 1326.3 Hz or 120 μS (as it was already seen, it is preferable to indicate microseconds, instead of frequencies since the number of microseconds directly indicates the characteristics of the RC network necessary for Produce the desired response curve). 

In contrast, chromium (Cro2) and pure metal oxide tapes require less reinforcement because of their better performance at high frequencies, the chosen frequency as the starting point for their increase is 2273.6 Hz or 70 μS. In most of the high frequency range the characteristic of 120 μS (normal equalization) is above 4.5 dB corresponding to 70 μS (Cro2 and metal equalization). 

This means that while both curves produce flat response using the appropriate tape type, any residual noise picked up by the magnetic head will be increased by 4.5 dB with the equalization of 120 μS. 

C) Speed of passage of the tape. 

In the cassette format the standard speed of passage of the tape is 4.75 cm / s. Today there are many devices on the market capable of offering high frequency responses up to 20000 Hz. Nevertheless, the limitations imposed by such speed are important, and already exist in the market stereo decks to cassettes of 2 speeds 4.75 and 9.5 cm /seg capable of reproducing at 9.5 cm / seg frequencies up to 30000 Hz with an improvement of 4.5 dB in the signal-to-noise ratio.

 The equalization time constants are reduced by the same percentage as the speed is increased. There is no reason to think that in the future no more devices with these characteristics will appear. 

D) Motors. In stereo decks to cassette Hi-Fi is generally used single-engine traction systems for a long time. Currently the most widespread trend is to resort to the use of two motors, especially in order to achieve maximum constancy in the speed of tape passing. There are some appliances that incorporate up to three engines.
Posted by hifisnecma on 8:29 AM  No comments »



To obtain maximum performance in its function, the magnetic head must be correctly positioned with respect to the magnetic tape in both height and azimuth. It is called azimuth to the angle that the air gap forms with the perpendicular to the direction of advance of the tape. The position of the head must be so precise that the azimuth is zero.


Posted by hifisnecma on 8:20 AM  No comments »

2017-08-14




The demands of this head are much less critical than the others of recording or reproduction, since its function is to record on tape a high fixed frequency. The magnetic circuit is made in two similar halves. 

As magnetic material is generally used ferroxcube, the air gap usually has a length of 0.3 mm while the winding is manufactured in a single winding.


Posted by hifisnecma on 3:50 PM  No comments »

It must have medium characteristics between the requirements of recording and reproduction, although more importance is given to the reproduction function, therefore, air gap length, winding impedance and shielding must be approximated to those required for reproduction.

 The mixed recording-reproduction head is used in most of the equipment on the market and its latest quality levels ensure a completely satisfactory results.
Posted by hifisnecma on 3:48 PM  No comments »



The length of the air gap acquires in this type of heads a paramount importance, since it must be very small to be able to "read" the high frequencies contained in the tape. 

On the other hand, in order to obtain a good signal-to-noise ratio it is necessary to increase the surface of the air gap and therefore its length. A middle ground must therefore be adopted. 

Usually a reproduction head has air gaps between 3 and 5 μm. The winding is of low impedance and the shielding system must offer a very effective protection against the parasitic field intensities.


Posted by hifisnecma on 3:42 PM  No comments »

2017-08-13



The magnetic heads of recording, reproduction or erasure it is possible to distinguish two main components:
 

A) Magnetic nucleus.
 
B) Winding.
 

The magnetic circuit is usually composed with very small remnant induction. Hysteresis losses should be minimal as well as those produced by eddy currents.
 

The winding is distributed in two windings each located in a seminore. This arrangement is preferable because it reduces the sensitivity of the head to disturbing external fields.  

The entire core-coil assembly is encapsulated so that protection against parasitic fields is effective.
In general the conditions required for a magnetic head are the following:
 

1) They must allow perfect air gap-tape contact
2) The shield must be specially guarded.
3) The wear resistance must be big.
Posted by hifisnecma on 10:55 AM  No comments »

2017-08-10





>The device which performs the function of recording and reproducing the audio signal on a magnetic tape is commonly called a tape deck. The elements related to the recording-reproduction process common to any tape deck are as follows:


1) Magnetic heads.

2) Recording-reproduction amplifiers

3) Polarization current generator.




Posted by hifisnecma on 3:47 PM  No comments »

2017-08-09




As much as greater be the surface of the engraved trail will also be greater the quantity of particles of flux-producing and therefore the output voltage will be increased at the terminals of the reproduction head.

Increasing the air gap length increases the output voltage, but, in return, the response at high frequencies will be reduced. In practice, the design of the reproduction heads will always be made taking into account the compromise between the signal level and the frequency response.


Posted by hifisnecma on 5:43 PM  No comments »

2017-08-08




This factor of great importance in all the systems of transmission of information is of singular importance in the case of the recording tape, since unfortunately there are always some noises that inevitably are inherent to the magnetic heads or the magnetic support (tape). 

Because the magnetic head of reproduction is sensitive to variations in magnetic flux, it is necessary to take into account that there is no magnetic field around the stereo deck, as well as insulate (with good shielding) power transformers and the motors of the same apparatus.
Posted by hifisnecma on 4:25 PM  No comments »



The main elements of a magnetic head are the coils and the gaps (two sets, each one corresponding to a stereo channel). These gaps end up on the surface of the head, on which the tape passes at a certain speed, and are separated by a space of very small size filled with non-magnetic material that separates both poles; the dimensions of the gap are expressed in microns and their definitive value depends on the type of application of the head and the investment (time and money) that the manufacturer has destined for its production.

 The operation of a magnetic head is as follows: the coil, when receiving the electrical variations of the audio signal, produces a magnetic field in the gap, field that varies in intensity and polarity according to the changes of that signal. This magnetic field flow circulates through the oxide of the tape to cross the gap. The result is a magnetic variation, printed on the moving tape, which corresponds to the changes in the audio signal. If the gap is too small, the magnetic flux will tend to circulate by the gap instead of the sensitive layer of the tape. 

The magnetic field in the gap is a magnetic representation of the audio electrical signal circulating through the coil. When the tape passes before the head, its magnetic particles (which up to that moment presented a random disposition) are affected by constantly variable magnetic field of the gap.
Posted by hifisnecma on 4:10 PM  No comments »

2017-08-07




We imagine a magnetic tape of them utilized currently in the stereo decks. Basically it consists of a plastic film on which a fine layer of magnetic material is deposited. Even when the plastic support and the agglutinating elements are very important for the smooth operation of the tape, the magnetic layer is the medium that allows recording, and therefore must be a ferromagnetic material. 

In most cases different varieties of iron oxide are used although in recent years new materials have appeared suitable for that purpose. The magnetic particles, which can be considered as a multitude of small magnets, are physically aligned, during manufacture, by means of a magnetic process in such a way that their larger dimension is in general correspondence with that of the tape. 

In this way they can be magnetized in one direction or another depending on the magnetic field applied to them. All the substances ferromagnetic, and of course the sensitive layer of a tape tape, are magnetized under the effect of a magnetic field.


Posted by hifisnecma on 8:07 AM  No comments »


The location of the turntable with respect to the loudspeakers should be carefully studied, as they often appear coupling or feedbacks that appear in the form of annoying hum that come to completely prevent hearing. This phenomenon is called Larsen effect and is caused when the sound waves generated by the loudspeakers affect the turntable whether traveling through the air or more frequently when propagating the furniture, walls and roofs. When vibrating the entire turntable, the cartridge detects these vibrations and injects them again in the amplifier,the which the delivery again to the loudspeakers and thus successively. 

The point at which the phenomenon of the Larsen effect is manifested depends, in addition to the relative position of the stereo turntable player and loudspeakers, of the level of power to which it is being worked, being evident that the Larsen phenomenon is presented more easily the greater the level of power.

When the stereo turntable is designed, it is necessary to take into account this Larsen phenomenon and provide it with dampening elements that prevent the turntable from being easily reached by the vibrations that come through its support bases. To minimize this phenomenon is precise to move away to the maximum the stereo turntable of the loudspeakers. 




Posted by hifisnecma on 7:57 AM  No comments »

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